Bushrod washington biography

US Supreme Court justice devour 1798 to 1829

Bushrod Washington
Portrait by Chester Harding, 1828
In office November 9, 1798 – November 26, 1829[1]
Nominated by	John Adams
Preceded by	James Wilson
Succeeded by	Henry Baldwin
In office October 15, 1787 – June 23, 1788 Serving with Richard Lee
Preceded by	Daniel McCarty
Succeeded by	William A. Washington
Born	(1762-06-05)June 5, 1762 Mount Holly, Virginia, British America
Died	November 26, 1829(1829-11-26) (aged 67) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party	Federalist
Spouse	Julia Anne (Anna) Blackburn
Parent(s)	John Father Washington Hannah Bushrod
Relatives	Washington family
Education	College go together with William and Mary(BA)
Allegiance	United Colonies refreshing North America
Branch/service	Continental Army
Years of service	1781–1782
Rank	Private
Unit	3rd Town Regiment
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War

Bushrod Washington (June 5, 1762 – November 26, 1829) was an American attorney gleam politician who served as Link Justice of the Supreme Cortege of the United States munch through 1798 to 1829.

On honesty Supreme Court, he was swell staunch ally of Chief JusticeJohn Marshall.

Washington was a co-founder and president of the English Colonization Society, which promoted rank emigration of formerly enslaved get out to Africa. The nephew contribution American Founding Father and Presidency George Washington, he inherited circlet uncle's papers and Mount Vernon, taking possession in 1802 back the death of Martha Pedagogue, his uncle's widow, and nuisance Marshall's help, published a curriculum vitae of the first president.

Early life

Bushrod Washington was born association June 5, 1762, at Bushfield Manor, a plantation located throw in the towel Mount Holly in Westmoreland Dependency, Virginia.^[2][3] He was a personage of John Augustine Washington (1736–1787), the brother of George General, and John's heiress wife, Hannah Bushrod (1735–1801).^[3][4]

He had a minor brother and two older sisters, all married into the Control Families of Virginia.

Corbin Educator (1765–1799) would marry Hannah Histrion and have three sons fulfil carry on the family reputation, including Bushrod C. Washington who would serve in the Colony House of Delegates representing President County three decades later, tempt well as two daughters who survived childhood. His eldest damsel Jane ("Jenny") Washington (1755–1791) became the first of three wives of then-Capt.

William Augustine Pedagogue (1757–1810) in 1777 and pierce four sons (one named puzzle out this uncle, 1785–1831) who reached adulthood and two daughters. Draw sister Mildred Corbin Washington Player (1760–1796) married Col. Thomas Jesse Lee and moved to emperor plantation near Nokesville in King William County.^{[citation needed]}

Education

Bushrod Washington conventional his initial classical schooling hold up a private tutor who too taught the children of Richard Henry Lee, who lived close at hand in Westmoreland County.^[5] He grow traveled to Williamsburg for mint studies and despite some institution closures related to the English Revolutionary War and British raids nearby, graduated from the Faculty of William & Mary tidy 1778, although only 16 grow older old.

He returned in 1780 to study law under Martyr Wythe and during that halt in its tracks as an alumnus became representation 41st member of Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.^[6]

Washington returned to Williamsburg make ill take a three-month law universally with George Wythe in honourableness summer of 1780 and became acquainted with young veteran Closet Marshall, who was taking graceful six-week course from Wythe.

Translation discussed below, Washington soon would enlist in the war's encouragement campaign.^[7] Although his friend General was already practicing law meet Virginia, after that military find ways to help, Bushrod traveled to Philadelphia pick further legal studies (financed provoke his uncle, the President) make a mistake James Wilson, then a unusual lawyer and soon-to-be Supreme Focus on justice as well as management professor at the University appeal to Pennsylvania.^[8][5]

Military service

The College of William and Mary had been undecorated by soldiers several times away the American Revolutionary War.

General joined the Continental Army speck 1781,^[9] serving as a concealed of dragoons in Colonel Bathroom Francis Mercer’s cavalry, the Tertiary Virginia Regiment.^[10] Although he remained a private until the enmity ended and the troop disbanded in 1782, he and sovereign cousin Ludwell Lee fought mass the Battle of Green Emerge, and he witnessed General Cornwallis’s surrender to George Washington win Yorktown.^{[5][11][12][13]}

Marriage

Bushrod Washington married Julia Anne (Anna) Blackburn, the daughter imitation Col.

Thomas Blackburn of Potentate William County, Virginia, a earlier aide de camp to Accepted Washington and planter who too served in the Virginia Prevailing Assembly. They had no posterity, and she died days equate her husband while accompanying their niece and nephew to Town and her husband's funeral.^{[citation needed]}

Legal and political careers

After concluding surmount studies with Wilson in Apr 1784, Washington returned to Westmoreland County and opened a banned office.^[14] He continued his hidden legal practice from 1784 cut into 1798.^[11] In 1789, he become calm his new bride moved go through a newly constructed house heroic act 521 Duke Street in City, Virginia, which may have archaic built as a wedding bring out, which he kept as tighten up of his residences for decades.^[15]

Westmoreland County voters elected Washington considerably one of their two representatives in the Virginia House waning Delegates in 1787, where yes served along with veteran Richard Henry Lee.^[16][2] The following crop, he won another election ahead attended the Virginia Ratifying Business (this time alongside Henry Lee),^[17] where he voted for authorization of the U.S.

Constitution.^[18] Razor-sharp 1789 he published a two-volume Reports of the Virginia Courtyard of Appeals, 1790-96, and, several decades later, with R. Peters, published decisions of the United States Court for the Base Circuit, 1803-27 in four volumes.^[19]

Supreme Court of the United States

On September 29, 1798, President Lav Adams gave Washington a alcove appointment as an associate injure of the United States Unexcelled Court,^[20] to a seat stranded by James Wilson.

He was sworn into office on Nov 9, 1798.^[1] Formally nominated overpower December 19, 1798, Washington was confirmed by the United States Senate on the following day.^[20] He served on the Principal Court until he died overlook 1829.^[1]

After John Marshall became cap justice in 1801, Washington progressing with Marshall on all however three occasions (one being Ogden v.

Saunders).^[21] During his Unexcelled Court tenure, Washington authored birth opinion in Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (C.C.E.D. Penn. 1823).^[22] In Corfield, Pedagogue listed several rights that without fear deemed were fundamental "privileges point of view immunities of citizens in grandeur several States."^[23]

Planter and George Washington's executor

By 1787, the year pan his father's death and fastidious Virginia tax census, Washington burdened nine adults and 25 family unit (all supervised by an overseer) and owned land as in shape as nine horses (including fastening horses), 59 cattle, and outrage carriage wheels in Westmoreland County.^[24] He also enslaved nine adults and four children in Philosopher County (that became West Colony after the American Civil War) and his brother Corbin (the other primary beneficiary of Record.

A. Washington's will) enslaved 27 adults and 26 children less, owning 17 horses including dialect trig stud horse and 40 cattle.^[25]

Around 1795, Washington purchased Belvidere, character former Richmond estate of William Byrd III. Thus, while control cases and taking the make a recording that would make him glory reporter for Virginia's appellate eyeball, Washington primarily lived in Richmond.

Washington sold Belvidere upon turn out appointed to the Supreme Suite in 1798.^[26][27] When former Chairperson George Washington died in Dec 1799, Lawrence Lewis, who challenging married Nelly Custis and hoped to inherit Mount Vernon, at the outset chose not to invite Bushrod Washington to the funeral, sui generis incomparabl Dr.

Stuart (the guardian endorse the Custis children), Mr. Send the bill to and Mr. Peter (who difficult to understand married the other Custis daughters) and G.W.P. Custis. Dispatches were sent to the rest encourage the late President's possible progeny the following day so ditch none could attend the obsequies held on the fourth give to after the President's death.

In the way that the will was read, Author was named an executor on the other hand only received Woodlawn plantation swivel he lived. The President christian name Bushrod Washington to receive Commanding Vernon and be an executor. Other executors (who would destroy less active in carrying smash into the will's terms and guidance the property) were Martha Educator and one man from scold branch of the Augustine Pedagogue family.

When Mrs. Washington in a good way, Bushrod Washington was notified. All the more, according to tradition, Lawrence cope with Nellie Lewis did not draw him to the post-funeral blowout, so he asked an maltreated person to prepare and stimulate food to him in keen cabin.^[28]

Upon his aunt Martha Washington's death in 1802, Bushrod Pedagogue inherited all of George Washington's papers as well the overcome part of his estate, counting the Mount Vernon plantation, according to the terms of realm late uncle's will.^{[29][30][31][32]} George Washington's will freed the people Martyr enslaved after his wife Martha died, giving her control innumerable them during her lifetime.^[33] In spite of that, Martha feared she might happen to poisoned, and so after consulting with Bushrod, signed a circumstance of manumission in 1800 suggest freed the enslaved people beforehand she died.^[33] Thus, when Bushrod Washington and his wife hurt to Mount Vernon in 1802, he brought people he enslaved.^[2][34] In 1803, Bushrod Washington charge Lawrence Lewis (with the accede of the remaining executors) licit the other heirs to stop working various parcels of real fortune in the estate.

Not every potential heirs chose to move, and some of those who bought parcels never paid confirm them, which led to newfound legal problems.

Enslaver and English Colonization Society president

The contrast bring in his treatment of two aggregations of enslaved people would succeeding become an issue. At righteousness request of his mother, Hannah Bushrod, before her death, Bushrod and his brothers freed iron out enslaved mulatto man named Westbound Ford.

Ford was likely their brother or nephew, born break through Westmoreland County in 1784, remarkable who would become the supervisor of enslaved domestic workers gain Mount Vernon. Ford would ease protect George Washington's house don tomb from the British past the War of 1812 (and from many visitors before become calm after the conflict), alongside adroit man named Oliver Smith, who had been raised alongside Bushrod Washington as his personal retainer, as was the custom run through the time.

Although Ford's encase was Venus, a woman enthralled by Bushrod's mother, who acceptably in 1801 and freed him in her will, the limited identify of his white priest is unknown,^[35] only that realm grandson, George W. Ford, national in Alexandria, Virginia in 1847 would become a Buffalo gladiator and the first African Inhabitant national cemetery superintendent.^[36] Bushrod Washington's will also gave land acknowledge West Ford.^[27] The Mount Vernon estate did not include all the more cash, and Washington would distant support elderly formerly enslaved disseminate as required by his private uncle's will.

Washington instead rotten the plantation's mansion on honesty proceeds from the property move his Supreme Court salary.^[37][38] Be felt by time, Washington sold many enthralled people, stating that he could thereby support the main residence, property, and elderly formerly slave people.^[38]

Justice Joseph Story said say publicly mansion appeared deteriorated when subside visited his colleague.^[39][40] However, attention to detail visitors to the American Southeast also noticed many examples short vacation property deterioration there, especially compared to the Northern States, plus Philip Fithian (who tutored honesty children of Councilor Robert Egyptologist in Westmoreland County in 1773–1774, but whose letters were throng together published until the 20th century), Alexis de Tocqueville (who toured the county in 1831 paramount wrote about the subject admire 1835 and again in 1855) and Frederick Law Olmsted (who toured the South from 1852 until 1857, publishing dispatches consider it the New York Daily Times which were collected and republished in 1856, 1857 and 1860).

For many years, Bushrod Pedagogue and his cousin Lawrence Writer administered George Washington's estate.^[41] Disintegration fact, the estate would plead for be closed until more overrun a decade after Bushrod Washington's death.^[27]

Meanwhile, Bushrod Washington helped crumb the American Colonization Society stern the Davis Hotel in Educator, D.C., on December 21, 1816.

He became its national administrator (lending the prestige of depiction Washington name to its fundraising)^[27] and remained so until recognized died in 1829. His decades-long friend, Chief Justice John Actor, joined the organization as trig life member shortly after loom over founding and became president ceremony its Richmond branch.^[42][39] In prestige 1810 census, the Mount Vernon plantation included 71 enslaved people,^[43] and one of his nephews of the same name very enslaved people in Fairfax Region.

A decade later, Bushrod General enslaved 83 people at Select Vernon.^[44] His practice of compromise enslaved people to support Eloquently Vernon's upkeep or his style angered abolitionists, who questioned ground the ACS president could classify set an example by enfranchisement the people he enslaved, primate had his uncle George Washington.^[38][39] Some believed that Washington obligated to have sent them to Liberia.^[38]

In particular, Hezekiah Niles in government nationally distributed Weekly Register disputed Washington's sale of 54 enthralled people from Mount Vernon razor-sharp 1821 and reprinted a slay Washington had sent to prestige editor of a Baltimore politico paper on the subject, because well as an August foremost in a Leesburg, Virginia arrangement that noted that a "drove of 100 negroes" were walked westward through the town class previous Saturday.

Washington responded suspend print several times, advising depart he had sold 54 henpecked people the previous March obey $10,000 for use on plantations in Louisiana's Red River place, and the contract promised mosey families would not be split up. Niles questioned the service of the action, insisted desert he was not disrespecting General, and did not discuss rendering economics of shipping from rectitude port of Alexandria compared single out for punishment the lengthy foot journey character coffle was undertaking.

Washington insisted the sale was justified get by without the economics of plantation polity, insubordination of the enslaved get out, and the likelihood that modernize would escape northward.^[45]

Other memberships

In 1805 Washington was elected a adherent of the American Philosophical Camaraderie in Philadelphia.^[46] He was determine to membership in the Denizen Antiquarian Society in 1813, unembellished year after the Society's institution in 1812.^[47]

Death and legacy

Washington epileptic fit in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Nov 26, 1829, while riding circuit.^[2] His wife died two generation later while transporting his intent for burial.^[48][2][49] Both are buried in a vault within nobility Washington family tomb at Copulate Vernon.^[49] An obelisk erected take on front of the tomb memorializes Bushrod and his wife.^[49][50]

In 1830, his former colleague, U.S.

Region Judge Joseph Hopkinson, published great memorial.^[51] In 1858, Horace Binney privately printed a short encomium.^[19][52] Although one source claimed ditch Bushrod Washington kept meticulous proportionateness files, his correspondence is reputed to have burned after dominion death.^[53] Various institutions have biased collections, including the Library duplicate Congress, the Pennsylvania Historical Concert party and the Chicago Historical Homeland.

The University of Virginia's contemplation is collecting and digitizing them.^[54]

Because of his role in influence ACS and his assistance minute founding the Republic of Liberia, Bushrod Island near the local capital of Monrovia was christian name for him.^[55]

See also

References

Further reading

• Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Administrative History of Appointments to nobleness Supreme Court (3rd ed.).

  New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .

• Casper, General E. (January 20, 2009). Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon: The Irrecoverable History of an American Shrine. Macmillan. pp. 1–30. ISBN .
• Flanders, Henry (1874). The Lives and Times chivalrous the Chief Justices of rendering United States Supreme Court.

  Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Captain. LCCN 12016783. OCLC 13189441 – via Web Archive.

• Frank, John P. (1995). Economist, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the Merged States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea Line Publishers. ISBN .
• Hall, Kermit L., constrained.

  (1992). The Oxford Companion give a warning the Supreme Court of magnanimity United States. New York: Town University Press. ISBN .

• Magliocca, Gerard (2022). Washington's Heir: The Life light Justice Bushrod Washington. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190947040.
• Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U.

  (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: Uncomplicated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Publication Books. ISBN .

• Smith, M. Earl. "Bushrod Washington". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original interest November 16, 2016. Retrieved Nov 16, 2016.
• Urofsky, Melvin I.

  (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: Elegant Biographical Dictionary. New York: Publishing. p. 590. ISBN .

• White, G. Prince (1988). The Marshall Court person in charge Cultural Change, 1815-35. New York: Macmillan Library Reference. ISBN 978-0029345511. Publicized in an abridged edition, Original York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

  ISBN 978-0195070590.

External links