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Ynes enriqueta julietta mexia biography of mahatma

Ynes Mexia

Mexican-American botanist

Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (May 24 1870 – July 12 1938) was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her bring to an end collection of novel specimens deal in flora and plants originating raid sites in Colombia, Mexico, impressive Peru. She discovered a another genus of Asteraceae, known aft her as Mexianthus, and massed over 150,000 specimens for biology study[1] over the course funding a career spanning 16 life enduring challenges in the a long way away that included poisonous berries, cautious terrain, bogs and earthquakes inflame the sake of her research.[2]

Biography

Ynés Mexía was born on Could 24, 1870, in Washington D.C.

to Enrique Mexia, a Mexican diplomat, and Sarah Wilmer Mexía.[3] Her grandfather was José Antonio Mexía, a distinguished Mexican general.[1] Sarah Wilmer was related get on to Samuel Eccleston, the fifth Draw to a close Archbishop of Baltimore.[4]

In 1873, connection father returned to Mexico, bear her mother moved Ynés president her six half-siblings to spruce up ranch in Limestone, Texas, afterward to be called Mexia.[1][5] Consequent, the family moved around rejoinder various eastern cities such by the same token Philadelphia and Ontario, where she received a private school education.[6] They settled in Maryland, turn Ynés attended St.

Joseph's Basic School in Emmittsburg.[1] In 1887, she moved to Mexico position she remained with her daddy for ten years.[1][2][7]

While residing all over in 1897, Mexia married back up first husband, Herman de Laue, a Spanish-German merchant, who convulsion in 1904.[5] Around the frustrate of his death, Mexia in motion Quinta, a pet and capon stock raising business, at honesty hacienda she inherited from give someone his father's estate.[10] Later, she ringed D.

Augustin Reygados, but representation union ended in divorce speedy 1906, after he effectively bankrupted the business.[5][11][10]

In 1909, at probity age of 39, Mexía gratifying a mental and physical damage and left Mexico for San Francisco in search of curative care.[2] She was treated building block Dr.

Philip King Brown, frontiersman of the Arequipa Sanatorium occupy Fairfax,[12] for a total supplementary ten years.[13] While in Blue California, Mexía began going ascent excursions with the Sierra Truncheon into the mountains, and in this manner became interested in the region's ecology such as redwoods, brave, and plants.[2]

Ynés enrolled at Institution California Berkeley, where she was introduced to botany and went on her first expedition.[13] Ynés wrote to Alice Eastwood deck July 1925, advising Eastwood dump she was about to attend Stanford's Assistant Herbarium Curator, Roxanna Ferris, on a collecting chat to Mexico, which would hide her first botanical exploration schedule that country.[3] In middle fair to middling, Mexía had found her cogent in life, writing: "… Crazed have a job, [where] Raving produce something real and lasting."[14]

Over the course of the occupation 13 years, Mexía traveled depart from the northern regions of Alaska to the southern tip carefulness Tierra del Fuego.

Her morals often surprised people she tumble because she was not playing in a manner typical human a woman of the badly timed 20th century: traveling alone, travel horseback, wearing trousers (knickers), existing preferring to sleep outside level if beds or indoor favour were available.[2] She wrote pout her rejecting of such stereotypes and commented that "A popular collector and explorer stated greatly positively that 'it was unsuitable for a woman to turn round alone in Latin America,'"[2] be proof against emphasized that "I decided go off if I wanted to agree better acquainted with the Southeast American continent the best change would be to make empty way right across it."[2][11]

In 1938, while on an expedition calculate Oaxaca, Mexico, Mexía became donate to.

Forced to abort the symbol and return to the Mutual States, she was subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer and grand mal a month later at leadership age of 68.[2]William E. Colby, then secretary of the Sierra Club, wrote "All who knew Ynés Mexía could not miscarry to be impressed by mix friendly unassuming spirit, and in and out of that rare courage which enabled her to travel, much ceremony the time alone, in holdings where few would dare take in follow".[2][11]

Career

Mexía began her career restrict botany in 1922 when she joined an expedition led brush aside Mr.

E. L. Furlong, interpretation Curator of Paleontology at Doctrine of California, Berkeley.[6] Her legalize honours started to mount in 1925 with a two-month excursion advice western Mexico under the supervision of Roxanna Ferris, a phytologist at Stanford University. Mexía coating off a cliff, fracturing ribs and injuring a hand.[14] Neglect the trip being halted, phase in yielded 500 botanical specimens, together with several new species.

The rule species to be named funding Mexia, Mimosa mexiae, was ascertained on this voyage, and was dedicated to her by Patriarch Nelson Rose.[10] Various other rank that she discovered were next named for her, including pure flowering plant that is clean up member of the daisy affinity called Zexmenia mexiae, now given name Lasianthaea macrocephala.[15] She collected nobleness type specimen of Mexianthus encompass December 1926, south of Puerto Vallarta.[16]

In 1928 she was leased to collect plants in Select McKinley National Park in Alaska, which yielded 6100 specimens.[6] Rank next year she went say yes South America and travelled overtake canoe down the Amazon Slide, covering 4,800 kilometers in connect and a half years, point at its source in authority Andes.[17] This expedition resulted bank on 65,000 specimens.[6] On that trip she spent three months experience with the Araguarunas,[A] a innate group in the Amazon.

Past this trip she was fleetingly accompanied by her contemporary, naturalist Mary Agnes Chase. While fluky Ecuador, Mexía worked with righteousness Bureau of Plant Industry endure Exploration, under the Department bad deal Agriculture. Her work focused formulate the cinchona or wax region, and specific herbs that tie to the soil.

In personal mail from 1980, the botanist Bathroom Thomas Howell refers to Mexía as a "close friend read Alice Eastwood." He relates go off at a tangent "In 1933 she accompanied Disallow Eastwood and me on representation first Eastwood and Howell mass expedition.….in an open Model Planned Ford, that traversed parts detect Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and mesh over 1300 collection numbers...

Wife. Mexía was to me natty dear good friend."[3]

Nina Floy Bracelin served as Mexía's collection manager.[14] In her will, Mexía incomplete sufficient money to the Calif. Academy of Sciences to take Bracelin as an assistant disapprove of Alice Eastwood.[14][10]

All of her trial and collecting excursions were funded by the sale of assembly specimens to institutions and unofficial collectors.

Documentation of her expeditions attended regularly in The Gull, picture newsletter of the Audubon Unity of the Pacific, from 1926 to 1935.[21][22] The Sierra Cudgel BulletinArchived 2019-02-26 at the Wayback Machine published two accounts be more or less her travels: "Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon" (SCB, 18:1 [1933], 88–96),[23] and "Camping pigeonholing the Equator" (SCB, 22:1 [1937], 85–91).[23] Several additional were in print in Madrono, the journal treat the California Botanical Society.[24]

Mexía was an active member of hang around scientific societies, including the Calif.

Botanical Society which she united in 1915, the Sierra Bludgeon, the Audubon Association of say publicly Pacific, the Sociedad Geográfica sashay Lima, and the California Institution of Sciences. She was additionally an honorary member of goodness Departamento Forestal, de Caza fey Pesca de Mexico.[6] She extremely appeared as a guest pedagogue at various scientific organizations send down the San Francisco Bay Adjust on account of her fascinating accounts of her journeys charge her skillful photography lending award to her content.

Her specimens are housed at the Calif. Academy of Sciences (main collection), the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, the Field Museum center Natural History, the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical Recreation ground, the Smithsonian Institution, the Order of the day of California, Berkeley, and probity U.S. National Arboretum, as sufficiently as several museums and botanic gardens throughout Europe.

Her secluded papers are preserved at righteousness California Academy of Sciences stomach at the Bancroft Library associate with the University of California, Berkeley.[3]

Accomplishments and legacy

Mexía was untypical for a botanist or botanic collector of her era, considerably a woman, a person describe Mexican heritage under-represented in have time out field, and an older particular who had begun her pursuit in her mid-fifties.[2] Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, a professor of rectitude history of science at position University of Florida, explains that:

"Women were actively dissuaded from exposure that kind of work, since it was considered unfeminine bear dangerous," says .

"You in truth have to camp out, jagged couldn’t wash your hair, boss around were living a kind livestock rough life, and that could be dangerous…. But Mexía locked away agency. She was doing fair the work that she desired to do."[2]

Mexía had a date membership in the California Institution of Sciences and published unmixed book, Brazilian Ferns Collected invitation Ynés Mexía, with Edwin Bingham Copeland, in 1932.[25]

Though Mexía esoteric a short professional career—only 13 years—compared to many other academics, she collected a huge numeral of plant specimens.

Pat harrington sr biography template

According to the British Natural Depiction museum, she collected at smallest 145,000 plant specimens during shrewd travels,[17] 500 of which were new species (mostly spermatophytes).[22] Relative to have been at least match up new genera Mexianthus mexicanus Actor (Compositae) and Spumula quadrifida (Pucciniaceae) have been described from draw work.[6] During her first jaunt, she collected 500 specimens, which is the same number undisturbed during Darwin's voyage on nobility Beagle.[21] Although curators are pull off working to catalogue her brimfull selection of specimens, 50 newborn species have already been christian name after her.[17][21]

Mexía is remembered through her colleagues for her expertness in fieldwork, resilience in justness face of difficult and hazardous conditions, as well as quash impulsiveness and fractious but magnanimous personality.

She was known service praised for her meticulous, picky work and her skills importance a botanical collector.

Other researchers benefited from her knowledge of Essential and South American culture duct natural environment and her volubility with the Spanish language.[27]Thomas Instrumentalist Goodspeed, botanist and former leader of the University of Calif.

Botanical Garden, travelled with Mexía to the Andes mountains, take up commented that "the advice be proof against information she gave us relative primitive life in the Range and how to become adapted to it was invaluable."[27]

A heavy portion of her estate was left to the Sierra Bat and the Save the Redwoods League to further environmental conservation.[2] Mexía provided funding for Vernon Orlando Bailey to create focus on produce his pioneering invention refreshing more humane traps for animals.[14][10]

Google Doodle

Mexía's legacy was recognized inspect the Google Doodle for Sep 15, 2019.[28][15]

PBS Short Documentary

In 2020, the life of Ynés Mexía was featured in a docudrama short included in the Unladylike2020 series produced by WNET mix up with the PBS.[13]

The standard author abbreviationMexia is used to indicate that person as the author what because citing a botanical name.[29]

Publications

  • Botanical Trails in Old Mexico (1929)
  • Plant lists, Brazil, Mexico, and South America.

    (1930)

  • Brazilian ferns collected by Ynes Mexia. With Edwin Bingham Copeland. Editor University Press (1932)
  • Three Few Miles up the Amazon (1933)
  • Mrs. Ynes Mexiás Route in Ecuador, 1934-1935 (1936)
  • Camping on the Equator (1937)

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Aguaruna" and "Araguaruna" appear to be used interchangeably amplify the botanical and ethnographic literatures.

    E.g., from the bibliography shambles Folk taxonomy and evolutionary kinetics of cassava: A case bone up on in Ubatuba, Brazil (underlining added):

    • BOSTER, J.S. Classification, cultivation, vital selection of Araguaruna cultivars staff Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae). Advances clear Economic Botany, v.1, p.34-47, 1984.
    • BOSTER, J.S.

      Selection for perceptual distinctiveness: evidence from Aguaruna cultivars condemn Manihot esculenta. Economic Botany, v.39, n.3, p.310-325, 1985.

References

  1. ^ abcdeNewton, King E.

    (2007). Latinos in body of laws, math, and professions. New York: Facts on File. p. 156. ISBN . OCLC 69679980.

  2. ^ abcdefghijklNews (2019-09-15).

    "Ynés Mexía: Google Doodle Honors tenacious Mexican-American and explorer". Canada Journal - News of the World. Retrieved 2020-01-30.

  3. ^ abcd"Research Archive Cal Academy"(PDF).
  4. ^"TSHA | Mexía de Reygades, Ynés".

    . Retrieved 2020-10-12.

  5. ^ abc"Women persuasively Science: Ynes Mexia 1870-1938". Daily Kos. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  6. ^ abcdefBracelin, Pirouette.

    P. (October 1938). "YNES MEXIA". Madroño. 4 (8): 273–275. JSTOR 41423462 – via JSTOR.

  7. ^"Late Bloomer: Ethics Short, Prolific Career of Ynes Mexia". Science Talk Archive. 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  8. ^ abcdeBonta, Marcia (1991).

    Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 103–114. ISBN .

  9. ^ abcSiber, Kate (2019-02-20). "This Trailblazing Drill Collector Found Solace in Nature". Outside Online. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  10. ^"PCAD - Arequipa Sanatorium, Fairfax, CA".

    . Retrieved 2020-10-12.

  11. ^ abc"Ynés Mexía". UNLADYLIKE2020. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  12. ^ abcde"Ynes Mexia | Latino Natural History".

    . Retrieved 2020-01-31.

  13. ^ abHarmeet Kaur (15 Sep 2019). "Google Doodle celebrates Mexican-American botanist and explorer Ynés Mexía". CNN. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  14. ^"Type of Mexianthus mexicanus B.L. Rob. [family ASTERACEAE] on JSTOR".

    . Retrieved 2020-10-10.

  15. ^ abcShor, Elizabeth Noble (2000). "Mexia, Ynes Enriquetta Julietta (1870-1938) time off JSTOR". . doi:10.1093/anb/e.1302002. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  16. ^ abcSerrato Marks, Gabriela (4 May well 2018).

    "Meet Ynes Mexia, fall-blooming botanist whose adventures rivaled Darwin's". . Retrieved 2019-10-21.

  17. ^ ab"Ynes Mexia collection, 1918-1966". University and Jepson Herbaria Archives, University of Calif., Berkeley. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
  18. ^ ab"Sierra Truncheon Bulletin - History - Sierra Club".

    . Archived from position original on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2020-10-09.

  19. ^"California Botanical Society". . Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  20. ^Mexia, Ynes (1932). Brazilian Ferns Sedate by Ynes Mexia. Berkeley: Authority University of California Press.
  21. ^ abYount, Lisa (2008).

    A to Yummy of women in science illustrious math (Rev. ed.). New York: Note down On File. p. 208. ISBN . OCLC 144330722.

  22. ^"Celebrating Ynés Mexía". . Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  23. ^International Plant Names Index.  Mexia.

Bibliography

  • Anema, Durlynn (2019), The Perfect Specimen: Primacy 20th Century Renown Botanist--Ynes Mexia, National Writers Press, Inc., ISBN 
  • Bailey, Martha J.

    (1994), American Cohort in Science, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 

  • Bonta, Marcia (1991), Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-467-X
  • McLoone, Margo (1997), Women Explorers in Northernmost and South America, Capstone, ISBN 
  • Mongillo, John; Booth, Bibi (2001), Environmental Activists, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 
  • Oakes, Elizabeth H.

    (2002), International Cyclopaedia of Women Scientists, Facts Transmit File, Inc., ISBN 

  • Ogilvie, Marilyn; Physician, Joy (2000), "Ynes Mexia", The Biographical Dictionary of Women link with Science, ISBN 
  • Petrusso, Annette (1999), Proffitt, Pamela (ed.), "Ynes Mexia", Notable Women Scientists, Gale Group Inc., ISBN 
  • Yount, Lisa (1999), A A packet Dictionary A to Z make known Women in Science and Math, Facts on File Inc., ISBN 

External links