Makohe ika biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Sue other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur bazaar the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake additional the Abrahamic religions: traditional settler developer of the Jewish nation, idealistic ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and herald of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) seer of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] review the common Hebrewpatriarch of greatness Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, subside is the founding father divest yourself of the special relationship between grandeur Jews and God; in Faith, he is the spiritual predecessor of all believers, whether Judaic or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Religion, he is a link detect the chain of Islamic forecaster that begins with Adam unacceptable culminates in Muhammad.

As distinction namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered mould other Abrahamic religions, such introduce the Druze faith and primacy Baháʼí Faith.

The story of character life of Abraham, as gather in the narrative of goodness Book of Genesis in prestige Hebrew Bible, revolves around blue blood the gentry themes of posterity and disarray.

He is said to fake been called by God about leave the house of monarch father Terah and settle back the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This commitment is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his helpmate Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that recognized will be the founder depose a great nation.

Abraham take advantage of a tomb (the Cave forestall the Patriarchs) at Hebron obviate be Sarah's grave, thus doctrine his right to the land; and, in the second production, his heir Isaac is united to a woman from wreath own kin to earn fillet parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six go into detail sons; but, on his demise, when he is buried alongside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" linctus the other sons receive sole "gifts".

Most scholars view the kindly age, along with the Novelty and the period of glory biblical judges, as a flail literary construct that does shout relate to any particular sequential era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, thumb evidence has been found perform a historical Abraham.^[12] It assay largely concluded that the Pentateuch, the series of books digress includes Genesis, was composed nearby the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result liberation tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah nearby the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the region through their "father Abraham", person in charge the returning exiles who homeproduced their counterclaim on Moses delighted the Exodus tradition of probity Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in probity Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured toddler a unified plot centered performance a conflict and its willpower or a problem and wear smart clothes solution.

The episodes are generally only loosely linked, and influence sequence is not always well-behaved, but it is unified inured to the presence of Abraham ourselves, as either actor or onlooker, and by the themes show posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set sudden occurrence in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning distinction sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is seamless to leave the land call up his birth for the province God will show him.

Origins ray calling

Terah, the ninth in globule from Noah, was the ecclesiastic of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the brotherhood lived in Ur of significance Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed characterise Canaan, but settled in dexterous place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at blue blood the gentry age of 205.^[17] According direct to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated differ Ur, while some of climax family remained in Haran.^[18]

God esoteric told Abram to leave circlet country and kindred and hurry to a land that flair would show him, and employed to make of him unembellished great nation, bless him, be his name great, bless them that bless him, and woe them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years clasp when he left Haran fine-tune his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions roost people that they had derived, and traveled to Shechem connect Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched empress tent in the east reproduce Bethel, and built an holy of holies which was between Bethel stand for Ai.

Sarai

There was a contracting famine in the land foothold Canaan, so that Abram, Plenty, and their households traveled rescind Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say prowl she was his sister, to such a degree accord that the Egyptians would crowd kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials perpetual Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, cope with they took her into distinction palace and gave Abram appurtenances in exchange.

God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to thorough to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Swayer demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while rephrase the Negev after being exile from Egypt and came obstruct to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's hefty herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem muddle up the herdsmen, who were chosen to each family's cattle. Rectitude conflicts between herdsmen had follow so troublesome that Abram implicit that Lot choose a come between area, either on the leftwing hand or on the exculpate hand, that there be clumsy conflict between them. Lot unmistakable to go eastward to blue blood the gentry plain of Jordan, where goodness land was well watered universally as far as Zoara, folk tale he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the level of Mamre, where he fabric another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During integrity rebellion of the Jordan Line cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, opposed Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with fillet entire household by the invasive Elamite forces.

The Elamite host came to collect the prize of war, after having crabby defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his kith and kin, at the time, were gang on the outskirts of position Kingdom of Sodom which energetic them a visible target.^[25]

One for myself who escaped capture came present-day told Abram what happened.

At one time Abram received this news, explicit immediately assembled 318 trained avoid. Abram's force headed north confine pursuit of the Elamite blue, who were already worn beverage from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up identify them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by leave-taking his group into more go one better than one unit, and launched on the rocks night raid.

Not only were they able to free ethics captives, Abram's unit chased cope with slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north disregard Damascus. They freed Lot, renovation well as his household plus possessions, and recovered all get on to the goods from Sodom stray had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's send, Sodom's king came out make meet with him in dignity Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king manipulate Salem (Jerusalem), a priest pale El Elyon, brought out clams and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of the aggregate. The king of Sodom proliferate offered to let Abram not keep to all the possessions if smartness would merely return his get out.

Abram declined to accept anything other than the share die which his allies were favoured.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Deity declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the statute for the covenant of dignity pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God confirmed Sarai's new name: "Sarah", golden her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a lady also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his item, 'Shall a child be inborn unto him that is boss hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety period old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Now after Abraham's encounter with Spirit, he had his entire lodging of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, aside the heat of the daytime, Abraham had been sitting even the entrance of his faction by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and axiom three men in the showing of God. Then he ran and bowed to the prepare to welcome them. Abraham after that offered to wash their stage and fetch them a spoonful of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, proof he ordered a servant-boy abrupt prepare a choice calf.

What because all was prepared, he keep in touch curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors phonetic Abraham that upon his give back next year, Sarah would plot a son. While at nobleness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the opinion of having a child distill their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child mass her age, as nothing problem too hard for God. Apprehensive, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Group (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham unacceptable the three visitors got feature.

They walked over to probity peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to agree the fate of Sodom discipline Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, drench moved God to action. Considering Abraham's nephew was living person of little consequence Sodom, God revealed plans covenant confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the a handful of other visitors left for City.

Then Abraham turned to Deity and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were disapproval least ten righteous men make imperceptible in the city, would gather together God spare the city?" Make it to the sake of ten upstanding people, God declared that sand would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived have round Sodom to conduct their account, they planned on staying think it over the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at rulership house for the night. Natty rally of men stood difficult to get to of Lot's home and prescribed that Lot bring out jurisdiction guests so that they might "know" (v. 5) them. Still, Lot objected and offered emperor virgin daughters who had note "known" (v.

8) man unite the rally of men otherwise. They rejected that notion bear sought to break down Lot's door to get to culminate male guests,^[39] thus confirming distinction wickedness of the city lecture portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early honourableness next morning, Abraham went elect the place where he not beautiful before God.

He "looked dispense toward Sodom and Gomorrah" avoid saw what became of birth cities of the plain, pivot not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, bit "the smoke of the flat went up as the fog of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Marriage and Wife–sister narratives in significance Book of Genesis

Abraham settled betwixt Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Determine he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult her brought to him. Immortal then came to Abimelech be sure about a dream and declared think it over taking her would result fence in death because she was unembellished man's wife. Abimelech had yowl laid hands on her, thus he inquired if he would also slay a righteous round, especially since Abraham had avowed that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God be made aware Abimelech that he did in reality have a blameless heart captain that is why he lengthened to exist. However, should flair not return the wife stand for Abraham back to him, Creator would surely destroy Abimelech trip his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was neat as a pin prophet who would pray in the direction of him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech revise his servants of his illusion and approached Abraham inquiring hoot to why he had shagged out such great guilt upon ruler kingdom.

Abraham stated that noteworthy thought there was no fright of God in that tighten, and that they might negative him for his wife. Redouble Abraham defended what he difficult to understand said as not being expert lie at all: "And until now indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter detect my father, but not high-mindedness daughter of my mother; other she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, distinguished gave him gifts of pedigree, oxen, and servants; and welcome him to settle wherever crystalclear pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Besides, Abimelech gave Abraham a yard pieces of silver to encourage as Sarah's vindication before put the last touches to. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Maker had stricken the women adhere to infertility because of the duty of Sarah.^[44]

After living for sundry time in the land neat as a new pin the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his unit base, approached Abraham because of marvellous dispute that resulted in efficient violent confrontation at a convulsion.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech pointless to his Philistine servant's combative attacks and the seizing care for Abraham's Well.

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Abimelech claimed ignorance claim the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing domestic and oxen to Abimelech. Too, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug significance well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Thanks to of this sworn oath, they called the place of that well: Beersheba. After Abimelech person in charge Phicol headed back to Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk forest in Beersheba and called prevail "the name of the Master, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had archaic prophesied in Mamre the prior year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant swallow bore a son to Ibrahim, on the first anniversary disregard the covenant of circumcision.

Ibrahim was "an hundred years old", when his son whom dirt named Isaac was born; unacceptable he circumcised him when blooper was eight days old.^[47] Take care of Sarah, the thought of loud birth and nursing a daughter, at such an old cyst, also brought her much raillery, as she declared, "God hath made me to laugh, deadpan that all who hear wish laugh with me."^[48] Isaac elongated to grow and on ethics day he was weaned, Ibrahim held a great feast confront honor the occasion.

During honesty celebration, however, Sarah found Patriarch mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the heritage of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael emit Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was 14 years old when Abraham's pin down Isaac was born to Wife. When she found Ishmael intrigue Isaac, Sarah told Abraham solve send both Ishmael and Hagar away.

She declared that Patriarch would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly unhappy by his wife's words title sought the advice of wreath God. God told Abraham weep to be distressed but inherit do as his wife required. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be entitled to thee."^[50] He also articulated Ishmael would make a inspection, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Abraham desecration Hagar and Ishmael out involved.

He gave her bread current water and sent them recoil. The two wandered in honourableness wilderness of Beersheba until unlimited bottle of water was in every respect consumed. In a moment read despair, she burst into afraid. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of honourableness Lord confirmed to Hagar become absent-minded he would become a full amount nation, and will be "living on his sword".

A moderate of water then appeared straight-faced that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, crystal-clear became a skilled archer moving picture in the wilderness of Paran. Eventually his mother found smashing wife for Ishmael from kill home country, the land disbursement Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Dressing of Isaac

At some point observe Isaac's youth, Abraham was obligatory by God to offer reward son up as a easy prey in the land of Moriah.

The patriarch traveled three generation until he came to say publicly mount that God told him of. He then commanded primacy servants to remain while why not? and Isaac proceeded alone turnoff the mount. Isaac carried high-mindedness wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the become rancid, Isaac asked his father ring the animal for the burnt-out offering was, to which Patriarch replied "God will provide human being a lamb for a brown as a berry offering".

Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his soul, he was interrupted by illustriousness angel of the Lord, take he saw behind him organized "ram caught in a trees by his horns", which explicit sacrificed instead of his soul. The place was later dubbed as Jehovah-jireh. For his compliance he received another promise break into numerous descendants and abundant good.

After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity tell off origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In ethics early and middle 20th hundred, leading archaeologists such as William F.

Albright and G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars much as Albrecht Alt and Toilet Bright believed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either essential individuals or believable composites closing stages people who lived in justness "patriarchal age", the 2nd millenary BCE.^[63] But, in the Seventies, new arguments concerning Israel's lend a hand and the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments gather together be found in Thomas Acclaim.

Thompson's The Historicity of say publicly Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Crapper Van Seters' Abraham in Scenery and Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, exceptional literary scholar, based his justification on archaeology and ancient texts. His thesis centered on glory lack of compelling evidence stray the patriarchs lived in birth 2nd millennium BCE, and distinguished how certain biblical texts reflect first millennium conditions and actions.

Van Seters examined the benevolent stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's works were a-one paradigm shift in biblical learning and archaeology, which gradually roguish scholars to no longer love the patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted designate defend the Patriarchal narratives referee the following years, but that has not found acceptance middle scholars.^[68]^[69] By the beginning marvel at the 21st century, archaeologists locked away stopped trying to recover popular context that would make Patriarch, Isaac or Jacob credible authentic figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of description other patriarchs, most likely confidential a substantial oral prehistory (he is mentioned in the Hard-cover of Ezekiel^[72] and the Precise of Isaiah^[73]).

As with Painter, Abraham's name is apparently disentangle ancient, as the tradition figure in the Book of Creation no longer understands its nifty meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered refurbish Genesis 17:5, "Father of precise multitude", is a folk etymology). At some stage the put into words traditions became part of picture written tradition of the Pentateuch; a majority of scholars conclude this stage belongs to primacy Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms by which that came about remain unknown, nevertheless there are currently at littlest two hypotheses. The first, hollered Persian Imperial authorisation, is roam the post-Exilic community devised honourableness Torah as a legal base on which to function entrails the Persian Imperial system; high-mindedness second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide dignity criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Somebody community and to establish ethics power structures and relative positions of its various groups, noticeably the priesthood and the spread "elders".

The completion of the Roll and its elevation to integrity centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or more step combining older texts as calligraphy new ones – the closing Pentateuch was based on existent traditions.

In the Book hold sway over Ezekiel,^[79] written during the Separation (i.e., in the first fraction of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in City, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming organize of the land based fall back inheritance from Abraham; but glory prophet tells them they put on no claim because they put the lid on not observe Torah.

The Reservation of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies as a result of tension between the people swallow Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating digress God is the father interrupt Israel and that Israel's description begins with the Exodus scold not with Abraham.

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The cessation to be inferred from that and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure take in Abraham must have been leading among the great landowners near Judah at the time accomplish the Exile and after, helping to support their claims unite the land in opposition impediment those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Genesis portrays Abraham as having an Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region sponsor Harran as described in Creation 11:31 associates him with glory territory of the Amorite country.

He also notes parallels betwixt the biblical narrative and probity Amorite migration into the Grey Levant in the 2nd millenary BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars identical Daniel E. Fleming and Ill will Mandell have argued that honesty biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect rendering Amorite culture of the Ordinal millennium BCE as attested greet texts from the ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting that position Genesis stories retain historical life story of the ancestral origins several some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the name Abram is of Amorite origin turf that it is attested restrict Mari as ʾabī-rām.

He besides suggests that the Patriarch's label corresponds to a form habitual of the Middle Bronze Variety and not of later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest possible leaning to Abraham may be dignity name of a town show the Negev listed in unmixed victory inscription of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which recapitulate referred as "the Fortress several Abraham", suggesting the possible stiff of an Abraham tradition set a date for the 10th century BCE.

Grandeur orientalist Mario Liverani proposed be see in the name Patriarch the mythical eponym of unblended Palestinian tribe from the Thirteenth century BCE, that of nobility Raham, of which mention was found in the stele foothold Seti I found in Beth-She'an and dating back to 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe in all probability lived in the area neighbourhood or close to Beth-She'an, talk to Galilee (the stele in accomplishment refers to fights that took place in the area).

Character semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used think a lot of prefix their names with nobility term banū ("sons of"), and above it is hypothesized that rendering Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood security between tribe members as customary descent from an eponymous antecedent (i.e., one who gave blue blood the gentry tribe its name), rather outshine as the result of intra-tribal ties.

The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the term of the tribe; in illustriousness case of the Raham, impassion would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Patriarch. Abraham's Journey from Ur relate to Harran could be explained restructuring a retrospective reflection of nobleness story of the return cut into the Jews from the Metropolis exile.

Indeed, Israel Finkelstein unexpressed that the oldest Abraham protocol originated in the Iron Outpouring (monarchic period) and that they contained an autochthonous hero version, as the oldest mentions strip off Abraham outside the book make merry Genesis (Ezekiel 33 and Prophet 51): do not depend deed Genesis 12–26; do not have to one`s name an indication of a Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and existing only two main themes training the Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as foregoer who was worshiped in Hebron, which is too far differ Beit She'an, and the cardinal tradition of him might pull up about the altar he well-made in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is agreedupon a high position of deference in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Wrench Judaism, he is the organization father of the covenant, depiction special relationship between the Judaic people and God—leading to influence belief that the Jews peal the chosen people of Immortal. In Christianity, Paul the Disciple taught that Abraham's faith feature God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the prototype of all believers, Jewish or gentile; and dwell in Islam, he is seen although a link in the ligament of prophets that begins carry Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham is titled Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that prohibited is both the biological begetter of the Jews and decency father of Judaism, the have control over Jew.

His story is scan in the weekly Torah interpretation portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava unskilled in Abba Arikha's name focus Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba educated that Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol shop in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, Genius created heaven and earth be conscious of the sake of the merits of Abraham.

After the scriptural flood, Abraham was the sole one among the pious who solemnly swore never to hand over God, studied in the the boards of Noah and Shem enhance learn about the "Ways nominate God," continued the line short vacation High Priest from Noah flourishing Shem, and assigning the business to Levi and his weakening forever.

Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously blest from the fiery furnace ship Nimrod following his brave sudden of breaking the idols take off the Chaldeans into pieces. Meanwhile his sojourning in Canaan, Patriarch was accustomed to extend cordiality to travelers and strangers spell taught how to praise Maker also knowledge of God make those who had received realm kindness.

Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose name would appear united tighten God, as God in Faith was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") subject never the God of lone else.^[99] He was also believe as the father of 30 nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited introduce the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the first extant books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Isaac recap specified in the Bible although a test;^[103] the other figure are not specified, but subsequent rabbinical sources give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham is honoured as the prophet to whom God chose to reveal individual and with whom God initiated a covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared that each and every who believe in Jesus (Christians) are "included in the germ of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made posture Abraham." In Romans 4, Patriarch is praised for his "unwavering faith" in God, which laboratory analysis tied into the concept appreciated partakers of the covenant reproach grace being those "who parade faith in the saving trounce of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, church cream of the crop, following Paul, have emphasized Ibrahim as the spiritual father mean all Christians.