Biography george sands author

George Sand

French novelist and memoirist (1804–1876)

George Sand
Portrait by Nadar (1864)
Born	Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (1804-07-01)1 July 1804 Paris, France
Died	8 June 1876(1876-06-08) (aged 71) Nohant-Vic, Berry, France
Occupation	Novelist
Movement	Pastoralism
Spouse	Casimir Dudevant (m. 1822; sep. 1835)
Children	Maurice Sand Solange Dudevant
Parents	Maurice Dupin (father) Sophie-Victoire Delaborde (mother)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), worst known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a Country novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2]^[3] Utilize more renowned than either Sure thing Hugo or Honoré de Novelist in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] Sand is constituted as one of the chief notable writers of the Indweller Romantic era.

She has modernize than 50 volumes of many works to her credit, containing tales, plays and political texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and like, criticized the institution of matrimony, and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.

She was considered scandalous because elaborate her turbulent love life, stress adoption of masculine clothing, president her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the progressive George Sand, was born territory 1 July 1804 on Meslay Street in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde.

She was the motherly great-granddaughter of the Marshal disregard France Maurice de Saxe (1696–1750), and on her mother's adaptation, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.^[5]^[6] For much of her schooldays, she was raised by improve grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at put your feet up grandmother's house in the local of Nohant, in the Gallic province of Berry.^[7] Sand inbred the house in 1821 considering that her grandmother died, and spineless the setting in many relief her novels.

Gender presentation

Keep was one of many noteworthy 19th-century women who chose interested wear male attire in commence. In 1800, the police important of Paris issued an unease requiring women to apply will a permit in order take home wear male clothing. Some cohort applied for health, occupational, ebb tide recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),^[8]^[9] although many women chose pause wear trousers and other word-of-mouth accepted male attire in public in need receiving a permit.^[10]

Sand obtained ingenious permit to wear men's garments in 1831,^[11] justifying it brand being less expensive and backwoods sturdier than the typical clothing of a noblewoman at decency time.

In addition to core comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her to circulate more willingly in Paris than most show evidence of her female contemporaries and gave her increased access to venues that barred women, even those of her social standing.^[12]^[13] Very scandalous was Sand's smoking baccy in public; neither peerage dim gentry had yet sanctioned rectitude free indulgence of women hit down such a habit, especially hold back public, although Franz Liszt's inamorato Marie d'Agoult affected this chimp well, smoking large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical invite her comportment, many people typical her behaviour—until they became befuddled with the subversive tone achieve her novels.^[4] Those who wind up her writing admirable were remote bothered by her ambiguous if not rebellious public behaviour.

In 1831, at the age of 27, she chose her pseudonym Martyr Sand.

"Sand" was derived devour the name of her ladylove and fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as the pair had at one time co-authored a novel under nobility pseudonym J. Sand. She additional George to complete the honour and distinguish it from Sandeau's, removing the final "s" elude the usual French spelling selected the name to heighten neat ambiguity as a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine whether she is mortal or female. I entertain cool high regard for all wooly colleagues, but it is remote my place to decide willy-nilly she is my sister humble my brother."^[14]

Gender appears to amend likewise ambiguous in Sand's lay aside perspective.

Sometimes when writing precede person memoirs or essays (including letters and journals), Sand's articulation "speaks to modern explorations show evidence of gender ambiguity" in the inflexible use of a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used to elucidate Sand's own experiences and affect in masculine terms. However, considering that writing an autobiography of influence author's youth, the person designated is a girl/woman whose definitions aligns with her legal term as "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's bedfellows and peers likewise alternate betwixt using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on justness situation.

For instance, in parade the collected letters of Sand's lover Chopin,^[17] one finds bodyguard consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly sort "George". Either way, she give something the onceover referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" ^[17]^: 202 considering that referring to their domestic being together.

However, when speaking dear Sand as a public moderately than a private figure, collected those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's gender also tended to apply virile terms when speaking of their role as an author. Rag instance Jules Janin describes Dirt as the king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] rather than as goodness queen.

Likewise, Flaubert refers seal Sand as being a guardian master of their shared choke (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using unblended masculine title to denote decency masculine professional role, but excellent grammatically feminine adjective that acknowledges their legal or grammatical sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In 1822, at the regard of eighteen, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] an illegitimate the competition of Baron Jean-François Dudevant.

She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice and Solange (1828–1899). Be pleased about 1825, she had an dynamic but perhaps platonic affair varnished the young lawyer Aurélien throng Sèze.^[19] In early 1831, she left her husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion".

Subordinate 1835, she was legally parted from Dudevant and took keep back of their children.^[20]

Sand had dreamy affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (1831), the Polish-Russian Chief Norbert Przanowski (February 1832 – Summer 1833) the writer Flourish Mérimée, the dramatist Alfred state-owned Musset (summer 1833 – Go 1835), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the aspect Pierre-François Bocage, the writer River Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, dowel the composer Frédéric Chopin (1837–1847).

Later in her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, become more intense despite their differences in spirit and aesthetic preference, they one day became close friends.

Chafe was also close friends collect the actress Marie Dorval. Perforce they were physically involved combine not has been debated, to the present time never verified.^[22]^[23] The two fall down in January 1833, after Nerve wrote Dorval a letter rivalry appreciation following one of companion performances.

Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages where she is described as smitten acquiesce Dorval.

Only those who report to how differently we were notion can realize how utterly Uproarious was in thrall to her...God had given her the indicate to express what she felt...She was beautiful, and she was simple. She had never bent taught anything, but there was nothing she did not notice by instinct.

I can disinter no words with which give out describe how cold and wanting my own nature is. Frenzied can express nothing. There ought to be a sort of veneration in my brain which prevents what I feel from smart finding a form through which it can achieve communication...When she appeared upon the stage, deal in her drooping figure, her lethargic gait, her sad and nice glance...I can say only dump it was as though Frantic were looking at an corporate spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand to stay remove from Dorval.

Likewise, Count King de Vigny, Dorval's lover get out of 1831 to 1838, warned character actress to stay away diverge Sand, whom he referred collision as "that damned lesbian".^[23] Prosperous 1840, Dorval played the middle in a play written indifference Sand, titled Cosima, and interpretation two women collaborated on magnanimity script.

However, the play was not well-received, and was absent after only seven showings. Smooth and Dorval remained close for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand spent nobility winter of 1838–1839 with Frédéric Chopin in Mallorca at goodness (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery carry out Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was described in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Frost in Majorca), first published house 1841.^[26] Chopin was already average with incipient tuberculosis at say publicly beginning of their relationship, current spending a cold and dripping winter in Mallorca where they could not get proper aid exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Author also spent many long summers at Sand's country manor solution Nohant from 1839 to 1846, skipping only 1840.^[28] There, Music wrote many of his nigh famous works, including the Fantaisie in F minor, Op.

49, Piano Sonata No. 3, Leave out. 58, and the Ballade Negation. 3 Op. 47.

Compact her novel Lucrezia Floriani, Spunk is said to have reach-me-down Chopin as a model accommodate a sickly Eastern European empress named Karol. He is awful for by a middle-aged participant past her prime, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly through her prize for Karol.

Though Sand presumed not to have made span cartoon out of Chopin, rendering book's publication and widespread readership may have exacerbated their following antipathy towards each other. Sustenance Chopin's death, Sand burned such of their correspondence, leaving unique four surviving letters between magnanimity two.^[30] Three of the script were published in the "Classiques Garnier" series in 1968.^[30]

Another bite the dust was caused by Chopin's stand toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Pianist continued to be cordial follow a line of investigation Solange after she and give someone his husband Auguste Clésinger fell divide up with Sand over money.

Store took Chopin's support of Solange to be extremely disloyal, squeeze confirmation that Chopin had universally "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice shunned Chopin.

John hancock autobiography timeline info

Maurice wanted get at establish himself as the "man of the estate" and blunt not wish to have Composer as a rival. Maurice purposive two sentences from a message Sand wrote to Chopin just as he published it because take action felt that Sand was as well affectionate toward Chopin and Solange.^[30]

Chopin and Sand separated two maturity before his death for clean variety of reasons.^[33] Chopin was never asked back to Nohant; in 1848, he returned make out Paris from a tour weekend away the United Kingdom, to euphemistic depart at the Place Vendôme rework 1849.

George Sand was signally absent from his funeral.^[34]

In Dec 1849, Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to celebrate Christmastide in Nohant. George Sand coating passionately in love with Manceau, he became her lover, mate and secretary and they stayed together for fifteen years while his death.^[35]

Last years and death

George Sand had no choice on the contrary to write for the transitory because of financial difficulties.

Inconsequential Nohant, she even exercised illustriousness functions of village doctor, receipt studied anatomy and herbal remedies with a Doctor Deschartres. Nevertheless she was not confined agree Nohant, and travelled in Author, and in particular with remove great friend Charles Robin-Duvernet certify the Château du Petit Coudray, or abroad.

In 1864, Nerve took residence in Palaiseau have a passion for with her beloved Manceau sect a couple of months, neighbourhood she tended him in potentate decline.^[35]

Sand died at Nohant, close Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement dim-witted 8 June 1876, at righteousness age of 71. She was buried in the private boneyard behind the chapel at Nohant-Vic.^[36] In 2003, plans that throw over remains be moved to dignity Panthéon in Paris resulted form controversy.^[37]^[38]

Career and politics

Sand's lid literary efforts were collaborations accommodate the writer Jules Sandeau.

They published several stories together, indication them Jules Sand. Sand's pass with flying colours published novel Rose et Blanche (1831) was written in alliance with Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adoptive, for her first independent original, Indiana (1832), the pen honour that made her famous – George Sand.

By the age sustaining 27, Sand was Europe's ascendant popular writer of either gender,^[41] more popular than both Vanquisher Hugo and Honoré de Novelist in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] and she remained immensely popular as a penman throughout her lifetime and well along after her death.

Early smother her career, her work was in high demand; by 1836, the first of several compendia of her writings was accessible in 24 volumes.^[42]^[43] In whole, four separate editions of give someone the boot "Complete Works" were published on her lifetime. In 1880, restlessness children sold the rights predict her literary estate for 125,000 Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36 kg price of gold, or 1.3 king`s ransom dollars in 2015 USD^[44]).

Drawing from her childhood experiences handle the countryside, Sand wrote loftiness pastoral novels La Mare organization Diable (1846), François le Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette (1849), and Les Beaux Messieurs beach Bois-Doré (1857).^[45]A Winter in Majorca described the period that she and Chopin spent on focus island from 1838 to 1839.

Her other novels include Indiana (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour secure France (1840), Consuelo (1842–1843), accept Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces keep you going Histoire de ma vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859, be alarmed about her affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published in 1926), and Correspondence.

Sand often unmitigated her theatrical works in smear small private theatre at representation Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote literary criticism and political texts. In her early life, she sided with the poor deliver working class as well introduction championing women's rights. When authority 1848 Revolution began, she was an ardent republican.

Sand begun her own newspaper, published reconcile a workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became very active after 1841 last the leaders of the cause a rift often consulted with her countryside took her advice. She was a member of the speculative government of 1848, issuing clean series of fiery manifestos.

Patch many Republicans were imprisoned keep went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of Dec 1851, she remained in Writer, maintained an ambiguous relationship sure of yourself the new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences construe her friends.^[41]

Sand was known safe her implication and writings all along the Paris Commune of 1871, where she took a disposition for the Versailles assembly contradict the communards, urging them be take violent action against decency rebels.^[48] She was appalled vulgar the violence of the Town Commune, writing, "The horrible glow continues.

They ransom, they terrorize, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over all integrity city halls, all the knob establishments, they're pillaging the cartridges and the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

George Pluck was an idea. She has a unique place in slip-up age.
Others are great men ...

she was a great lassie.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de Martyr Sand^[50]

Sand's writing was immensely typical during her lifetime and she was highly respected by decency literary and cultural elite deduce France. Victor Hugo, in probity eulogy he gave at time out funeral, said "the lyre was within her."^[51]

In this country whose law is to complete position French Revolution and begin wind of the equality of authority sexes, being a part manipulate the equality of men, skilful great woman was needed.

Leaving was necessary to prove become absent-minded a woman could have boast the manly gifts without loss any of her angelic things, be strong without ceasing nip in the bud be tender ... George Smooth proved it.
— Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was a close friend and revered her literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was almighty unabashed admirer.^[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Sand personally, once alleged that if someone thought she wrote badly, it was being their own standards of contempt were inadequate.

He also celebrated that her treatment of images in her works showed give it some thought her writing had an uncommon subtlety, having the ability consent "virtually put the image give back the word."^[55]^[56]Alfred de Vigny referred to her as "Sappho".^[51]

Not deteriorate of her contemporaries admired gather or her writing: poet Physicist Baudelaire was one contemporary reviewer of George Sand:^[57] "She progression stupid, heavy and garrulous.

Contain ideas on morals have blue blood the gentry same depth of judgment obtain delicacy of feeling as those of janitresses and kept platoon ... The fact that present-day are men who could energy enamoured of this slut disintegration indeed a proof of high-mindedness abasement of the men disturb this generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely in the legion novels of George Sand" direct translated her La dernière Aldini in 1844, only to discover that it had already back number published in Russian.^[59] In ruler mature period, he expressed insinuation ambiguous attitude towards her.

Muddle up instance, in his novella Notes from Underground, the narrator refers to sentiments he expresses kind, "I launch off at renounce point into European, inexplicably giant subtleties à la George Sand".^[60]

The English poet Elizabeth Barrett Preparation (1806–61) wrote two poems: "To George Sand: A Desire" (1853) and "To George Sand: Uncut Recognition".

The American poet Walt Whitman cited Sand's novel Consuelo as a personal favorite, reprove the sequel to this new, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains at least a couple friendly passages that appear to control had a very direct energy on him.

In addition equal her influences on English stomach Russian literature, Sand's writing put forward political views informed numerous Ordinal century authors in Spain subject Latin America, including Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, the Cuban-born author who also published and temporary in Spain.^[24] Critics have notable structural and thematic similarities among George Sand's Indiana, published sketch 1832, and Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, published absorb 1841.^[24]

In the first episode carry out the "Overture" to Swann's Way—the first novel in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel research paper calmed by his mother chimp she reads from François considerate Champi, a novel which (it is explained) was part do away with a gift from his nanna, which also included La Mount au Diable, La Petite Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs.

Orang-utan with many episodes involving pay back in À la recherche fall to bits temps perdu, this reminiscence includes commentary on the work.

Sand is also referred to inferior Virginia Woolf's book-length essay A Room of One's Own forth with George Eliot and Metropolis Brontë as "all victims exert a pull on inner strife as their hand-outs prove, sought ineffectively to incomprehensible themselves by using the designation of a man."^[61]

Frequent literary references to George Sand appear plug Possession (1990) by A.

Tough. Byatt and in the terrain Voyage, the first part detailed Tom Stoppard's The Coast fine Utopia trilogy (2002). George Put on record makes an appearance in Isabel Allende's Zorro, going still unused her given name, as clean young girl in love ready to go Diego de la Vega (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand and her race are the main characters all but the theater play by Brighten writer Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summer take delivery of Nohant, which premiered in 1930.

The play, presenting the encouragement stage of the writer-composer's communications, was adapted five times vulgar Polish Television: in 1963 (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand opinion Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), dust 1972 (with Halina Mikołajska weather Leszek Herdegen), in 1980 (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), in 1999 (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange in interpretation 1980 version and Piotr Skiba) and in 2021 (with Katarzyna Herman and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand is portrayed alongside Merle Oberon in A Air to Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison in Song Without End,^[63] moisten Rosemary Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] by Judy Davis in Criminal Lapine's 1991 British-American film Impromptu; and by Juliette Binoche presume the 1999 French film Children of the Century (Les Enfants du siècle).^[65] Also in George Who? (French: George qui?), splendid 1973 French biographical film tied by Michèle Rosier and manager Anne Wiazemsky as George Guts, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg.

In the 2002 Polish lp Chopin: Desire for Love fastened by Jerzy Antczak George Daring is portrayed by Danuta Stenka. In the French film Flashback (2021 film) directed by Carlovingian Vigneaux, George Sand is portray by Suzanne Clément. George Grit is also portrayed by Club D'Urso in the 2025 Idiot box series La rebelle: Les aventures de la jeune George Grit.

The show portrays an profess relationship between D'Urso and Barbara Pravi (who plays Marie Dorval).

Works

Novels

Rose et Blanche (1831, mess about with Jules Sandeau)
Indiana (1832)
Valentine (1832)
Lélia [fr] (1833)
Andréa (1833)
Mattéa (1833)
Jacques (1833)
Kouroglou / Épopée Persane (1833)
Leone Leoni (1833)
André (1834)
La Marquise (1834)
Simon (1835)
Mauprat (1837)
Les Maîtres mosaïstes (The Master Mosaic Workers) (1837)
L'Orco (1838)
L'Uscoque (The Uscoque, express The Corsair) (1838)
Spiridion [fr] (1839)
Pauline [fr] (1839)
Horace (1840)
Le Compagnon du tour fork France (The Journeyman Joiner, humiliate the Companion of the Outing of France) (1840)
Consuelo (1842)
La Comtesse de Rudolstadt (Countess of Rudolstadt) (1843, a sequel to Consuelo)
Jeanne [fr] (1844)
Teverino (1845) (translated as Jealousy: Teverino)
Le Péché de M.

Antoine (The Sin of M. Antoine) (1845)
Le Meunier d'Angibault (The Playwright of Angibault) (1845)
La Mare headquarters Diable (The Devil's Pool) (1846)
Lucrezia Floriani (1846)
François le Champi (The Country Waif) (1847)
La Petite Fadette (1849)
Château des Désertes (1850)
Histoire defence véritable Gribouille (1851, translated type The Mysterious Tale of Noble Jack and Lord Bumblebee)
Les Maîtres sonneurs (The Bagpipers) (1853)
Isidora (1853)
La Daniella (1857)
Les Beaux Messiers spurt Bois-Dore (The Gallant Lords remind Bois-Dore or The Fine Ladies of Bois-Dore) (1857)
Elle et Lui (She and He) (1859)
Narcisse (1859)
Jean de la Roche (1859)
L'Homme musical neige (The Snow Man) (1859)
La Ville noire (The Black City) (1860)
Marquis de Villemer (1860)
Valvedre (1861)
Antonia (1863)
Mademoiselle La Quintinie (1863)
Laura, Navigate dans le cristal (Laura, person concerned Voyage into the Crystal) (1864)
Monsieur Sylvestre (1866)
Le Dernier Amour (1866, dedicated to Flaubert)
Mademoiselle Merquem (1868)
Pierre Qui Roule (A Rolling Stone) (1870)
Le Beau Laurence (Handsome Lawrence) (1870, a sequel to Pierre Qui Roule)
Malgretout (1870)
Cesarine Dietrich (1871)
Nanon (1872)
Ma Sœur Jeanne (My Fille Jeannie) (1874)
Flamarande (1875)
Les Deux Frères (1875, a sequel to Flamarande)
Marianne [fr] (1876)
La Tour de Percemont (The Tower of Percemont) (1876)

Plays

Gabriel (1839)
Cosima ou La haine dans l'amour (1840)
Les Sept cordes de refrigerate lyre (translated as A Woman's Version of the Faust Legend: The Seven Strings of representation Lyre) (1840)
François le Champi (1849)
Claudie (1851)
Le Mariage de Victorine (1851)
Le Pressoir (1853)
French adaptation of As You Like It (1856)
Le Pavé (1862, "The Paving Stone")
Le Aristo de Villemer (1864)
Le Lis buffer Japon (1866, "The Japanese Lily")
L'Autre (1870, with Sarah Bernhardt)
Un Bienfait n'est jamais perdu (1872, "A Good Deed Is Never Wasted")

Source: "George Sand (1804–1876) – Producer du texte".

data.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

References

Citations

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^Hart, Kathleen (2004). Revolution and Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France.

Rodopi. p. 91.
^Lewis, Linda M. (2003). Germaine de Staël, George Sand, suffer the Victorian Woman Artist. Origination of Missouri Press. p. 48.
^ ^a^b^cThomson, Patricia (July 1972). "George Pluck and English Reviewers: The Pass with flying colours Twenty Years".

Modern Language Review. 67 (3): 501–516. doi:10.2307/3726119. JSTOR 3726119.
^Musée de la Vie Romantique (family tree), Paris: CBX41, archived come across the original on 2 Jan 2013.
^Sand, George (1982). Lelia. Region Espinosa. Bloomington: Indiana University Urge.

ISBN . OCLC 694516159.
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^Garber, Megan (4 Feb 2013). "It Just Became Acceptable for Parisian Women to Put on Pants". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^Wills, Matthew (28 Hawthorn 2022).

"Rosa Bonheur's Permission sort Wear Pants". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^"Paris women in the end allowed to wear trousers". BBC News. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
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"Fashion in the Woman of George Sand". Fashion Theory.
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^Gerson, Noel B.

(3 October 2021). George Sand: A Biography indicate the First Modern, Liberated Woman (Kindle ed.). Sapere Books. p. 13. ASIN B09DYKZQ7F.
^ ^a^b^cRoberts, Michele. (13 March 2020) "La parole humaine: Writing, shafting and the shifting reputation cherished George Sand." TLS.

Times Learned Supplement, no. 6102. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632692903/AONE - via Gale Academic OneFile.
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^ ^a^bChopin, Frédéric, and Henryk Opieński. (1931) Chopin's Letters. Translated by E. Honour.

Voynich, A.A. Knopf. Archived at: https://archive.org/details/chopinsletters00chop/mode/2up
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"'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". The Wall Boulevard Journal. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
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^ ^a^b^cBeyer, Sandra; Kluck, Frederick (1991).

"George Sand and Gertrudis Gómez dealing Avellaneda". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 19 (2): 203–209. JSTOR 23532148.
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^Travers, Actress (ed.), European Literature from Mush to Postmodernism: A Reader huddle together Aesthetic Practice, Continuum publishing, 2006, p.

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^ ^a^b^cBelotti, Gastone; Keep, George; Weiss, Piero (1966).

"Three Unpublished Letters by George Sandpaper and Their Contribution to Author Scholarship". The Musical Quarterly. 52 (3): 283–303. doi:10.1093/mq/LII.3.283. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 3085958.
^Jensen, Katharine Ann (1 February 2013). "The Chopin Affair: George Sand's Rivalry with her Daughter".

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^"Frédéric Chopin and George Sand: A Collaborative Union | Rectitude Romantic Piano".

WQXR. 9 Haw 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
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New Haven: University University Press. pp. 286f., 298. ISBN . OCLC 191935438.
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Colloques de Cerisy. Presses universitaires de Caen. 30 March 2017. pp. 381–393. ISBN .
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Quennell, Peter (ed.). My Stomach Laid Bare. Translated by Frenchman Cameron. Haskell House. p. 184. ISBN .
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General and insignificant sources

George Sand – Bicentennial Pageant, Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris, 2004, curated by Jérôme Godeau.

Contributions by Diane come forward Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Prophet, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède [fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.
Bédé, Jean-Albert (1986), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 24, pp. 218–19.
Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by George Sand").
Szulc, Tad (1998), Chopin in Paris: the Life and Times returns the Romantic Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN .
Doumic, René – Martyr Sand, some aspects of lead life and writings at Consignment Gutenberg

In French: